wei jian and tu pengfei,Li Gang, Wang Wenquan, Wang Weiquan, Yang Chengmin, Sui Chun

(1. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; 2. School of Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;3. Shengshi Baicao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Beijing 100062; 4. China Traditional Chinese Medicine Company, Beijing 100195)

　　

Chinese herbal medicine is the material basis for the development of traditional Chinese medicine and big health industry. As a special agricultural category for the production of Chinese medicinal materials, it can be called traditional Chinese medicine agriculture. Its stable and sustainable development is related to the medical and health livelihood project, the achievement of the goal of 8 trillion health service industry, and the development of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" and the construction of ecological civilization in many areas. At present, the state is formulating a plan for the protection and development of Chinese medicinal materials, which will guide the healthy development of the industry. This paper puts forward some superficial understanding of the current situation, problems and development trend of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture, which is not necessarily correct or comprehensive, aiming to attract jade, hoping to arouse common concern and concern about the development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture, and promote the healthy and rapid modernization of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture.

　　

Category of 1. Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture

The use of animal plants and other biological growth and development laws, through artificial cultivation to obtain product production activities, collectively referred to as agriculture. Accordingly, "traditional Chinese medicine agriculture" can be considered as the production activity of obtaining traditional Chinese medicine products through artificial cultivation by using the growth and development law of medicinal animals and plants. The traditional Chinese medicine industry chain includes traditional Chinese medicine agriculture, traditional Chinese medicine industry, traditional Chinese medicine business and traditional Chinese medicine service industry. Among them, traditional Chinese medicine agriculture is the first industry and foundation of traditional Chinese medicine industry (see Figure 1). According to the source and production process of Chinese medicinal materials, Chinese medicine agriculture can include the following links: collection of wild Chinese medicinal materials resources, wild tending and cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials, biological engineering of Chinese medicinal materials, and primary processing of Chinese medicinal materials. Among them, the wild tending and cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials is the core link of Chinese medicine agriculture. It is the most important way to ensure the continuous and stable supply of commonly used bulk Chinese medicinal materials in my country, and it is also the most effective way to indirectly protect wild Chinese medicinal resources and their ecological environment. With the reduction of wild resources and the strengthening of species diversity and ecological environment protection, the degree of dependence on wild resources is bound to be greatly reduced. Therefore, the importance of collecting wild resources to supply traditional Chinese medicine industry, traditional Chinese medicine clinical practice and even big health industry will decrease day by day, and more is to carry out protection work under the framework of large resource protection. In addition, using tissue culture, fermentation engineering, synthetic biology and other methods, the reproduction of some endangered and scarce medicinal materials or their active ingredients has also become an important part of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture and an important supplement to resource supply.

　　

 

　　

Present Situation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture in 2.

China is one of the countries with the largest types and reserves of traditional Chinese medicine resources in the world, and the framework of national and local protection division of labor has been initially formed. Historically, Chinese medicinal materials in my country mainly relied on wild resources. Since the 1950 s, my country has vigorously developed the cultivation and breeding of Chinese medicinal materials. Although there are still about 70% of Chinese medicinal materials from wild resources, 30% of them come from cultivated and cultured medicinal materials, and their production accounts for more than 70% of the supply of Chinese medicinal materials. Distributed in the national production base of traditional Chinese medicine, relying on the base of many Chinese herbal medicine planting and breeding farmers, distributed in the national Chinese herbal medicine trading farmers' market and national and local wholesale trading market, forming the world's largest and most complete system of traditional Chinese medicine agricultural system, artificial cultivation (breeding) varieties continue to increase. In the past 20 years, nearly 100 kinds of wild Chinese herbal medicines have been planted successfully. At present, the total planting area of Chinese herbal medicines (including wild tending) is about 1.4 million hm2. Among the 600 kinds of commonly used Chinese herbal medicines, nearly 300 kinds have been artificially planted or cultured. At the same time, China has established a relatively complete quality standard system for traditional Chinese medicine with the Pharmacopoeia of the people's Republic of China as the main body, the standards issued by the Ministry (Bureau) and the standards of traditional Chinese medicine of various provinces (autonomous regions and cities) as the supplement. The current 2010 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the people's Republic of China contains 616 standards for traditional Chinese medicine.

　　

Problems of 3. Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture

The overall development level of Chinese medicine agriculture in my country is still relatively backward, and it is still difficult to support the "standardization" of Chinese medicinal materials production. There is still a long way to go from "modernization. The core and major problems faced are concentrated in three areas:

(1) The problem of "whether there is a supply of Chinese medicinal materials", that is, the overall supply of Chinese medicinal materials is insufficient and the structural shortage of varieties;

(2) The problem of "whether there is a supply of high-quality Chinese medicinal materials", that is, the quality and safety of Chinese medicinal materials are prominent;

(3) The problem of "whether the supply of Chinese medicinal materials is stable" is mainly manifested in the problem of production ups and downs and price surges and plummets. The existing problems and causes are complicated, and the specific analysis is as follows:

3.1 supply guarantee capacity to be strengthened

The public's awareness of health and health care has increased. The consumption of Chinese medicine and food, health products, and cosmetics using Chinese medicinal materials as raw materials has grown rapidly, and production and supply are facing severe challenges.

(1) Overall, the degree of dependence on wild resources has declined, but the shortage of supply of some wild medicinal varieties caused by heavy mining and light breeding, excessive mining and ecological environment destruction is still very prominent.

(2) Some Chinese herbal medicine production areas shrink. With the transfer of rural labor force, the cost of labor, land and agricultural materials has increased significantly. Compared with the cultivation of crops, the benefit has decreased relatively. Some authentic production areas are urbanized and the land in old production areas is degraded.

(3) Large fluctuations in production and prices. Lack of effective and transparent information guidance, production, supply and marketing disconnect did not form a community of interests.

3.2 production level is relatively backward

The development level of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture is not only seriously incompatible with the rapid development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry, but even lags behind the overall development level of my country's agriculture by 20-30 years.

(1) Low degree of production organization. Farms and cooperatives began to develop, traditional Chinese medicine industrial enterprises began to build raw material bases, and modern traditional Chinese medicine agricultural enterprises began to develop, but they were still dominated by scattered production and trading by thousands of households.

(2) The level of standardization is not high. The base that strictly implements standardized production according to GAP is less than 10% of the production area of traditional Chinese medicine.

(3) The primary processing level of the origin is backward, the supporting infrastructure such as warehousing and logistics is extremely scarce, and the product quality is difficult to trace.

(4) the level of science and technology is still very backward. The promotion rate of improved varieties is less than 10%, and the breeding of improved varieties is basically the "self-reproduction and self-use" of agriculture in the 1950 s and 1960 s. Fertilization, irrigation, plant protection and other links are still in the stage of mainly relying on traditional experience. The type, amount and period of nutrient elements required by most planted medicinal materials are not clear about the water demand and period characteristics. Mechanization has just started, sowing, weeding, harvesting, cleaning, drying most of the links rely on manual operation.

3.3 market circulation order needs to be standardized

Chinese herbal medicine trading is in the transition stage from the traditional market to the modern market.

(1) The market products and trading methods of traditional Chinese medicinal materials are backward, and the problems of shoddy products and fake products are prominent.

(2) hoarding and malicious speculation in circulation links have repeatedly appeared, the prices of some Chinese medicinal materials fluctuate sharply, market information is distorted, and the coordination and stable development of production and demand are seriously threatened.

(3) Emerging e-commerce has just started, and there is a lack of transaction norms and standards.

The quality of 3.4 Chinese herbal medicines is not stable

The form of Chinese herbal medicine products is backward, and the internal quality has not been effectively curbed, but the safety problem has become increasingly prominent.

(1) The phenomenon of blooming everywhere and blind introduction is widespread, and the authenticity of Chinese medicinal materials is weakened; shortening the growth period, mining in unsuitable seasons, abuse of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, growth regulators, and sulfur fumigation are more common. In particular, the use of growth regulators has been increasing in recent years, posing a serious threat to the quality of Chinese herbal medicines.

(2) Lack of quality classification, "high quality and good price mechanism" is not perfect, and enterprises lack the driving force.

3.5 Modern Service System Needs to be Established

Compared with the modern Chinese medicine industry, the construction of modern service system in Chinese herbal medicine industry is seriously lagging behind. Scientific research and production are seriously disconnected, and scientific research results cannot be effectively transformed and applied; the modern supply and storage guarantee system has just started, and the information network construction of the production and operation of Chinese medicinal materials is lagging behind.

　　

Development Trend of Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture in 4.

With the progress of science and technology in the world and the rapid development of China's economy and society, the development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture shows the coexistence of traditional manual operation and modern agricultural technology, and the mixture of traditional trade mode and modern e-commerce, but the process of modernization is accelerating.

4.1 countries pay more and more attention to traditional Chinese medicine agriculture

China has always attached great importance to the traditional Chinese medicine industry and the agricultural industry of traditional Chinese medicine. In the past 20 years, around the agriculture of traditional Chinese medicine, the state has been involved in strategic planning, policies and regulations, and the investment in funds and projects has been increasing. The outline of the Innovation and Development Plan of traditional Chinese Medicine (2006-2020), which was implemented in 2007, put forward the idea of "speeding up the construction of agricultural technology system of traditional Chinese medicine". In the "Several Opinions of the State Council on Supporting and Promoting the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine" (Guo Fa [2009] No. 22), it is pointed out that "in conjunction with the adjustment of agricultural structure, the construction of a breeding system for improved varieties of authentic medicinal materials and a standardized and large-scale production base for the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials". The "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Biological Industry" clearly pointed out that the "Action Plan for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine" should be implemented ". The "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine" proposes to "strengthen the construction of wild Chinese medicine resources cultivation bases". The Circular of the State Council on the issuance of the 12th five-year Plan for the Development of National Strategic emerging Industries (No. 28 [2012] of the State Council) mentions the need to promote the industrialization of "standardized cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine". The Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Development of the Health Service Industry (No. 40 [2013] of the State Council) proposes to achieve the goal of "significantly expanding the scale of health service-related support industries. Especially in 2014, 10 ministries and commissions including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine jointly formulated the "Chinese Medicinal Materials Protection and Development Plan (2014 2020)", which has been reported to the State Council. This is China's first development plan specifically for Chinese herbal medicines. The "Plan" pointed out that it is necessary to implement wild resource protection projects, high-quality medicinal material production projects, Chinese medicinal material technology innovation projects, Chinese medicinal material production organization innovation projects, and build Chinese medicinal material quality assurance systems, modern circulation systems and production service systems.

4.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources as a National Strategic Resources Increasingly Consensus

The output value of my country's traditional Chinese medicine industry has exceeded 500 billion yuan, and it is growing at a rate of more than 20% every year. The scale of the large health industry has exceeded 1 trillion yuan. The traditional Chinese medicine industry is a typical resource-dependent industry. The development of traditional Chinese medicine and the rapid development of the big health industry are inseparable from the material basis-traditional Chinese medicine resources. At the same time, the global pharmaceutical industry based on natural drug resources also needs China's drug resources. Chinese medicine resources have become a unique resource in the development of the global pharmaceutical market in China, and its national strategic resource characteristics are gradually revealed.

4.3 Development of Standardized Planting and Breeding of High-quality Chinese Medicinal Materials as the Fundamental Way to Solve the Problem of Chinese Medicinal Resources

The construction of ecological civilization, the protection of ecological environment and the protection of species diversity have become China's national policy and the inevitable requirement of the sustainable development of the world. Relying on the increasingly scarce wild resources to develop Chinese medicine and health industry will lead to the destruction of resources, endangered species and ecological environment. Changing the way of resource utilization, developing a large number of planting and breeding, and using all possible technologies, including modern agriculture and biotechnology, to achieve standardized production have become the inevitable road and key to the sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture.

4.4 Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture Faces Major Changes and Leapfrog Development-Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry Nurtures Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture

With the outbreak of milk melamine incident, the incident of raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine injection, the incident of "medicine and traditional Chinese medicine", and the soaring price of traditional Chinese medicine around 2010, traditional Chinese medicine industrial enterprises and commercial enterprises are more and more aware of the importance of developing raw material production in resource-dependent industries. In particular, with the implementation and promotion of GAP of traditional Chinese medicine, large and medium-sized Chinese medicine enterprises, especially injection enterprises and enterprises that need to build brands, have begun to build their own raw material bases to ensure the stable supply of raw materials, the controllable cost of raw materials, the high quality of raw materials and the safety of raw materials. It is estimated that by 2020, the self-built bases of traditional Chinese medicine enterprises will reach more than 40%, and the development trend of proprietary Chinese medicine enterprises obtaining raw materials from the production base of traditional Chinese medicine rather than from the professional market of traditional Chinese medicine has become a foregone conclusion.

More and more 4.5 third-party social capital enters the field of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture.

As the control of raw materials can have a significant impact on the entire industrial chain, the situation of few capital investment in traditional Chinese medicine agriculture began to change. In addition to the production base of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine industry, business outside the third party social capital began to intervene, into the construction of raw materials base. The control of raw materials may lead to the control and voice of the industrial chain.

4.6 Traditional Chinese Medicine Base Construction Highly Organized-The Appearance and Development of Modern Chinese Medicine Agricultural Enterprises

With the Chinese medicine industry and third-party social capital invested in the construction of Chinese herbal medicine bases, modern Chinese medicine agricultural enterprises that learn from modern (Chinese medicine) industry and commercial enterprise management models and experiences began to emerge, develop and develop. In the future, it will become the most important carrier for the development of traditional Chinese medicine agricultural organizations. (See Figure 2)

　　

 

4.7 Farm-based Chinese Herbal Medicine Base Develops Rapidly

With the development of modern traditional Chinese medicine agricultural enterprises, and the state encourages the land circulation of farmland and forest land, in the process of base construction, many enterprises no longer adopt the "company farmers" method of organizing scattered farmers, and begin to implement the farm construction of the base. Contract and transfer land, adopt various methods that are conducive to production, and hire "agricultural workers" to manage farms and produce Chinese medicinal materials. In the process of farm production, how to organize agricultural workers, improve production efficiency and reduce costs has become an important problem that the construction of Chinese herbal medicine farm base faces and needs to explore and solve.

4.8 Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture Towards Mechanization

At present, all aspects of Chinese herbal medicine production mainly rely on manual operation. However, with the substantial reduction of rural labor force and the substantial increase in labor costs, there are more and more farm bases, the development of modern Chinese medicine agricultural enterprises, and the rapid advancement of Chinese medicine agricultural mechanization in recent years. From land consolidation, seed treatment, sowing and transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, pesticide use, intertillage and weeding, harvesting and digging, cleaning and grading, drying and preservation, packaging are exploring and promoting the process of mechanization.

4.9 Chinese herbal medicine origin primary processing to intensive, industrialization development

For a long time, the primary processing of Chinese medicinal materials in my country is very backward, scattered in thousands of households, drying and drying in front of and behind houses, which seriously affects the quality of Chinese medicinal materials. In recent years, equipment and facilities cleaning and drying have gradually developed, and some varieties and producing areas of Chinese medicinal materials, such as ginseng and coptis, have been intensively dried. But on the whole, the intensive development of primary processing in the producing area urgently needs guidance and investment, and accelerates the development in the direction of scale, intensification and modernization, so as to quickly improve the primary processing level of Chinese medicinal materials in the producing area and ensure the quality of Chinese medicinal materials in the processing link.

4.10 origin deep processing needs to break through

The deep processing of Chinese herbal medicine has not yet started, but the future development may breed changes. This needs to explore from the policy and industry aspects to liberalize the production of Chinese herbal medicine extract raw materials, cultivate a number of Chinese herbal medicine origin deep processing enterprises, extend the Chinese medicine industry chain, increase the quality of raw materials controllability, reduce the transportation and storage costs of raw materials. In turn, it also promotes the economic development of traditional Chinese medicine in the producing areas and mobilizes the enthusiasm of local governments to build traditional Chinese medicine production bases.

Diversification and Regression of Construction Mode of Chinese Herbal Medicine Planting Base in 4.11

Traditional Chinese medicinal materials are mainly cultivated in farmland. However, in the past 10 years, the number of ecological medicinal material bases has increased day by day, and the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials has begun to return to natural and near-wild ecological planting, including wild tending, semi-wild cultivation, etc., and make full use of woodland and fruit forest. Because of its less human intervention, it can minimize the input of chemical substances, and the production cost is low. Although the growth cycle of Chinese medicinal materials is longer, it can produce green and high-quality Chinese medicinal materials. It is also in line with the relevant policies and regulations of the state, such as the opinions of the general office of the State Council on accelerating the development of forest economy.

4.12 Chinese herbal medicine trading from traditional Chinese herbal medicine market to modern logistics and e-commerce

Traditionally, the Chinese herbal medicine market in China is mainly composed of 17 professional markets for Chinese herbal medicines and bazaars of origin. With the development of information technology and the advent of the information society, the development of the logistics industry, modern Chinese medicinal materials warehousing and logistics centers are being built across the country, e-commerce trading platforms, modern logistics distribution systems continue to build, and the production and marketing of Chinese medicinal materials are seamlessly connected. The system is developing towards standardization and modernization.

4.13 Traditional Chinese Medicine Agriculture Going Out Strategy Begins

Historically, the Silk Road opened the import of marine medicine and southern medicine, which became an important source and supplement of Chinese medicine. In recent years, with the development of international trade and investment, some pharmaceutical companies have begun the overseas layout of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture. In Southeast Asia and other regions, we should establish planting, breeding bases and processing bases of traditional Chinese medicine, including southern medicine, make full use of local land and labor resources, improve the level of local traditional Chinese medicine agriculture and traditional Chinese medicine industry, and meet the needs of domestic medicine sources.

4.14 Traditional Chinese Medicine Agricultural Service System Gradually Established and Improved

The national service system of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture in China is almost blank, but the platform construction of "three services" was launched in the 12th Five Year Plan. The future development trend is to promote the establishment of a national technical service system for the production of traditional Chinese medicine through the construction of a comprehensive technical service platform and a professional technical service platform for the production of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as workstations and service outlets distributed throughout the country. Through the construction of information collection network all over the main production areas of Chinese herbal medicine production information platform, combined with the construction of regional information platform, the formation of timely and smooth Chinese herbal medicine production information service network. Through the construction of large-scale Chinese medicinal materials supply guarantee centers in the main producing areas and important distribution centers of Chinese medicinal materials across the country, it has become a new supply network with traceable sources and guaranteed quality.

The whole process of 4.15 Chinese herbal medicine can be traced back to become an inevitable trend

Chinese medicinal materials have the attributes of agricultural products in the production process, but they are also medicines. The industrial chain from production to final consumption is very long and there are many links. As a drug, the quality of safety and effectiveness is essential. Therefore, in recent years, some enterprises have begun to explore the establishment of a traceability system for the whole process of Chinese herbal medicine products. The establishment of a traceability system for the whole process of Chinese medicinal materials from planting (breeding), processing, acquisition, storage, transportation, sales to use, so that the source can be traced, the destination can be traced, and the responsibility can be investigated. It is inevitable to effectively ensure the quality and reliability of Chinese medicinal materials.

4.16 Traditional Chinese Medicine Agricultural Technology Should Pay Attention to Scientific Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Technology

The agricultural technology of traditional Chinese medicine is the support of the development of agricultural modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. In the future, the agricultural technology of traditional Chinese medicine will fully introduce, absorb and learn from the new technologies and methods of modern agriculture and biology, and realize rapid development through digestion and re innovation. The breeding technology of endangered medicinal materials will make full use of tissue culture and rapid propagation, fermentation technology, biological engineering, synthetic biology and other methods or technologies as far as possible. The breeding of new varieties of Chinese herbal medicines will focus on quality breeding and resistance breeding, and the breeding methods will develop from mixed selection and systematic breeding to cross breeding and heterosis utilization breeding, and actively carry out molecular marker-assisted selection breeding. The green Chinese herbal medicine technology, precision Chinese medicine agricultural technology, Chinese herbal medicine ecological production technology, production and processing of the whole process of mechanization technology will be in urgent need of breakthrough and development. In the development of high and new technology, it is also an important development direction of traditional Chinese medicine agricultural technology to develop and introduce applicable technology, respect and carry forward the production technology of traditional Chinese medicine.

5. epilogue

Traditional Chinese medicine agriculture is the basic link of traditional Chinese medicine industry chain, which provides raw material support for traditional Chinese medicine clinical, traditional Chinese medicine industry and large health industry. Correctly understanding and paying attention to the current situation, the key and core problems of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture, grasping the development trend of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture, exploring and promoting the positive and healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture are of great significance to the macro management of the country and the sustainable development of the industry.